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Serology of viral infections
- Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E
Serology for the viruses that cause hepatitis determines the stage of the disease (acute/chronic/past) and also measures vaccine immunity (e.g. anti-HBs). In hepatitis B/C, early detection is key to preventing chronic liver damage and cancer. Assessing the different hepatitis markers together (e.g. HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, anti-HBe) gives an accurate picture of whether the infection is active, past or whether there is vaccine immunity. Measuring the viral load (HBV DNA, HCV RNA) helps judge how active the infection is and whether treatment is needed, and to monitor how well therapy is working.
- HIV 1–2 (combined antigen–antibody test)
Modern HIV screening also detects p24 antigen and HIV1- and HIV2-specific antibodies, so it can detect infection much sooner than earlier-generation tests – as early as 2–3 weeks after infection.
The p24 antigen is one of the earliest viral components to appear in the blood, so the test can turn positive in the acute phase of infection, before antibodies have developed.
It is important to know, however, that there is a so-called “window period” – the time when the virus is already present in the body, but a detectable immune response (antibody) has not yet developed!
During these few weeks the serological test may give a false-negative result, so after recent exposure a repeat test is recommended after 3–6 weeks.
Early diagnosis saves lives: it allows antiviral treatment to start early, which today not only keeps the infection under control but also ensures a lasting good quality of life and a normal life expectancy.
A positive screening result always requires a confirmatory test (e.g. immunoblot), which definitively confirms or rules out the infection.
- Herpes simplex (HSV-1/HSV-2)
There are two known types of herpes simplex virus: HSV-1 mainly causes recurring blisters on the lips and around the nose (“cold sores”), while HSV-2 causes painful ulcers in the genital area, although other patterns are possible.
The aim of serology is to determine the type of virus causing the infection and its timing, which is especially important in recurrent or symptom-free cases.
In the blood sample, IgM antibodies point to a recent, acute infection or reactivation, while IgG antibodies can remain for life, showing that the body has already met the virus.
The presence and ratio of the two antibody types show whether the infection is newly acquired, reactivated or past.
Because the virus remains latent in the body, it can reactivate from time to time, for example due to stress, hormonal changes, sunlight or a weakened immune system.
By distinguishing between HSV-1 and HSV-2, serological testing helps clarify the cause of the infection, supports relationship counselling, and helps prevent recurrences and tailor their treatment.
- Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
The Epstein–Barr virus belongs to the herpesvirus family, and more than 90% of the world’s population is infected with it during their lifetime.
The best-known disease caused by EBV is infectious mononucleosis (“kissing disease”), which typically comes with tiredness, fever, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes.
The virus stays in the body for life and in certain circumstances can reactivate – for example due to stress, a weakened immune system or another infection.
Serological testing is used to determine the exact phase of EBV infection.
By testing different antibodies (VCA-IgM, VCA-IgG, EBNA-IgG), it is possible to tell whether the infection is:
- acute,
- occurred some time ago, or
- is present in reactivated (newly active) form.
- The VCA IgM antibody points to a recent, primary infection,
- the VCA-IgG antibody becomes detectable shortly after IgM antibodies appear and persists long term,
- while EBNA-IgG only appears at a later stage, so it is a marker of past infection.
The test is especially useful in cases of prolonged fatigue, unexplained swollen lymph nodes or atypical lymphocytosis, when chronic or reactivated EBV infection may be behind the symptoms.
The virus may also play a role in the development of certain cancers (e.g. nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma) and autoimmune diseases, so EBV serology can also be part of a comprehensive internal medicine work-up.
At Sabjanics Medical Center, we measure antibodies in the blood using modern, highly sensitive immunological methods, which allow the stage of the infection to be accurately dated and monitored.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
The cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an extremely widespread pathogen belonging to the herpesvirus family, which infects the vast majority of people during their lifetime. A special feature of the virus is that after infection it stays in the body for life and can be present latently (hidden) without causing any symptoms.
In people with a healthy immune system, CMV infection usually causes mild, flu-like symptoms and often goes unrecognised. However, in pregnancy, in newborns and in immunosuppressed people (e.g. after organ transplant, during chemotherapy, with HIV infection), the virus can cause serious, even life-threatening complications.
In serological testing, the IgM and IgG antibodies measured in the blood help determine the phase of the infection:
- IgM positivity points to a recent, acute or reactivated infection,
- while IgG antibodies persist long term and indicate past infection or protection.
The CMV IgG avidity test is a special additional method that shows how “mature” the IgG antibodies are. This makes it possible to tell whether the infection happened within the last 4 months or more than 4 months ago.
This test is especially important during pregnancy, as a recent CMV infection can cause infection in the womb (congenital CMV), which can result in hearing loss, nervous system developmental disorders or restricted foetal growth.
In immunosuppressed patients CMV can reactivate and cause hepatitis, pneumonitis, retinitis or even organ transplant rejection. In such cases serology is often supplemented by PCR-based viral DNA testing, which gives an accurate picture of the viral load and how active the infection is.
Rubella, measles, mumps
In Hungary the combined MMR vaccine against the rubella (German measles), measles (morbilli) and mumps (epidemic parotitis) viruses has been compulsory for decades. Thanks to this, these diseases are now rare, but they have not disappeared completely.
Serology tests are mainly used to check immunity – for example after vaccination, when planning a pregnancy or when vaccination status is unknown.
The presence of IgG antibodies in the blood sample indicates protection, while IgM positivity indicates recent infection.
Most people know rubella as a childhood illness with a rash, but it is especially dangerous during pregnancy, because a recent infection can cause serious foetal developmental abnormalities (congenital rubella syndrome).
Of all viral diseases, measles is among the most contagious. It can cause high fever, a rash and complications of the lungs or central nervous system, so immunity is a major public health issue.
The main symptom of mumps is inflammation of the salivary glands, but in men it can also cause orchitis and resulting sterility, in women inflammation of the ovaries or pancreas, and rarely hearing loss.
In pregnancy and before trying for a baby, rubella serology screening is strongly recommended, as confirming protection helps prevent infections in the baby.
With acute symptoms – such as fever, rash or swollen lymph nodes – the serological result must always be assessed together with the clinical picture and epidemiological data.
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
The aim of COVID-19 serology is to find out whether your body has encountered the virus and whether an antibody response has developed after infection or vaccination.
So the test is not for diagnosing an acute infection – a PCR or rapid antigen test still gives a reliable result for that – but for assessing your previous immune response and level of protection.
Serological testing can be especially useful if you want to know whether an adequate antibody level has developed after vaccination or illness, and to what extent this protection is present.
Based on the type of antibodies detected (anti-nucleocapsid or anti-spike protein antibodies), the doctor can tell whether the protection comes from natural infection or vaccination.
The test therefore not only helps keep patients informed but can also be an important tool for monitoring the long-term immune response and how long protection lasts.
Serological testing for bacterial infections – who it helps, and when
The aim of bacterial serology tests is to detect, based on the antibodies circulating in the blood, infections where direct detection of the pathogen (e.g. by culture) is difficult or no longer possible.
Using the measured antibodies (IgM, IgG, sometimes IgA), the doctor can determine whether the infection is recent, past or reactivated.
Helicobacter pylori
The bacterium Helicobacter pylori lives in the stomach lining and can cause gastritis, ulcer disease and, in the long term, even stomach cancer.
In serology, the IgG and IgA antibodies measured in the blood show past or current contact with the pathogen, but they cannot tell whether the infection is active right now.
So to check whether treatment (eradication) has worked, a stool antigen test or a urea breath test is recommended instead, as these confirm the bacterium is currently present.
H. pylori serology still provides valuable information during a gastroenterological work-up, especially if the infection may have been present for a long time.
Chlamydia pneumoniae
By contrast, Chlamydia pneumoniae causes respiratory infections (e.g. atypical pneumonia, bronchitis) and may be present with prolonged, mild symptoms.
Serological testing can show whether the infection is recent or old, and whether the patient has had the disease before.
In a recent infection IgM positivity can be detected, while after earlier exposure IgG antibodies are found.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
The bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of community-acquired atypical pneumonia, mainly among young adults.
The presence of Mycoplasma IgM antibodies points to an acute infection, while IgG antibodies remain for a longer time after a past infection.
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
The bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease and is spread by tick bites.
The infection progresses in several stages:
Early localised stage – typically the so-called erythema migrans (spreading skin redness) appears.
Early disseminated stage – may involve the nervous system, joints or heart.
Late chronic stage – can cause persistent joint inflammation and nervous system symptoms.
Laboratory diagnostics has two steps:
Step 1: ELISA screening test – sensitive, but not fully specific,
Step 2: immunoblot – a confirmatory test that analyses the antibody pattern.
In the early stage serology may still be negative, because antibody production is delayed; in this case the diagnosis can be made clinically (based on the appearance of the red rash), and treatment must start straight away.
Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
The condition syphilis (lues) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which can affect several organ systems if left untreated.
It progresses in three stages:
Primary syphilis – within 2–4 weeks of infection, a painless ulcer (known as ulcus durum) appears on the genitals or in the mouth, which may heal on its own.
Secondary syphilis – the bacterium enters the bloodstream and causes rashes, fever, swollen lymph nodes, hair loss and changes in the mucous membranes.
Tertiary (late) syphilis – develops years later and can seriously affect the nervous system, heart and blood vessels, as well as the skin and bones.
Laboratory diagnosis is based on a combination of two types of test:
Treponemal tests (e.g. TPHA, TPPA, FTA-ABS): these detect Treponema-specific antibodies and may stay positive for life.
Non-treponemal tests (e.g. VDRL, RPR): these measure antibodies typical of active infection, and the change in titre closely tracks the effectiveness of treatment and signals reinfection.
A positive result must be confirmed by detecting specific IgG and IgM.
The level and change of the VDRL/RPR titre help judge how active the infection is.
Syphilis serology is especially important in pregnancy screening, when investigating sexually transmitted infections, and in clarifying the cause of neurological or cardiac complications.
Syphilis is often called “the great imitator”, because its symptoms are extremely varied and can mimic many other diseases – from skin rashes to neurological, eye and even heart conditions. For this reason, it is not unusual for the diagnosis to be made late if no targeted laboratory test is done.
The illness has an insidious course, because the bacterium Treponema pallidum can lie dormant in the body for years without causing symptoms. During the symptom-free period the pathogen can spread through the organs and later cause serious, sometimes irreversible, complications, for example damage to the nervous system or to the heart and circulation.
Blood testing has a particular role in the diagnosis of syphilis. Modern serological tests – a combination of treponemal and non-treponemal tests – can assess not only whether the infection is present, but also its stage and activity. The change in the VDRL/RPR titre follows precisely how the body responds to treatment, so the effectiveness of therapy can be measured objectively.
Although syphilis can be fully cured with penicillin, lasting immunity does not develop after the infection, so the patient can be infected again later. Follow-up testing, treatment of partners at the same time, and regular screening are therefore particularly important, especially for people at higher risk of sexually transmitted infections.
Tetanus and diphtheria antibodies
Antibody tests for tetanus and diphtheria measure whether your body has adequate immunity against these serious, vaccine-preventable infections.
Based on the level of specific IgG antibodies in the blood, it can be decided whether immunity is still active or a booster vaccination is needed.
The test is especially recommended for healthcare workers, pregnant women and older people, and for anyone who last had a vaccination more than 10 years ago.
Parasitic and fungal infections – when should a serological test be requested?
Serological testing for parasitic and fungal infections is useful when direct detection of the pathogen (e.g. microscopy, culture) is not possible or would be too invasive.
The antibodies (IgM, IgG) measured in the blood help show whether the infection is recent, past, or reactivated.
These tests are especially important in pregnancy, for chronic symptoms and in immunosuppressed patients, where early detection can be life-saving.
Toxoplasma gondii
The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is found worldwide and causes symptom-free infection in most cases. Infection most often happens by eating vegetables and fruit that have not been washed properly, as oocysts released into the environment in cat faeces can contaminate their surface (for example from soil or dust).
In healthy people it usually causes mild, flu-like symptoms, but in pregnancy the infection can be particularly dangerous, because the pathogen can infect the baby through the placenta and cause serious developmental abnormalities.
In laboratory diagnosis, Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies are tested:
an IgM-positive result points to recent infection,
the IgG result indicates a past infection.
The IgG avidity test helps determine when the infection happened: in a recent infection the antibodies bind weakly, in an old one strongly, so an infection acquired within 4 months can be told apart from one acquired more than 4 months ago.
In pregnancy, a positive or borderline result calls for fetal risk assessment, an obstetric consultation and an infectious diseases assessment, so that treatment and safe monitoring of the pregnancy can start in time.
Echinococcus (cystic and alveolar echinococcosis)
Infection caused by the tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis is a serious, slowly developing condition in which the parasite forms cysts, most often in the liver, lungs or brain.
The disease can remain symptom-free for a long time, until the growing cysts cause pressure symptoms or organ damage.
The Echinococcus IgG serology test on a blood sample detects the immune response to the infection and helps with the diagnosis.
However, because a positive result does not always mean active infection, the test result must always be compared with imaging tests (ultrasound, CT, MRI).
For an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan, an infectious diseases and surgical consultation is recommended, as removing the cysts often requires surgery.
Trichinella spiralis
Infection with the roundworm Trichinella spiralis is most often spread by eating undercooked pork or game.
In the early stage of infection, the parasite multiplies in the gut, then travels through the bloodstream to the muscles, where it causes inflammation and damage.
Serological tests usually become positive 2–4 weeks after infection, because it takes time for the immune system to produce antibodies.
Alongside the appearance of antibodies, the diagnosis is also supported by clinical symptoms such as muscle pain, fever, swelling around the eyes (periorbital oedema) and previous consumption of wild game meat.
If needed, the serological result can be supplemented by a muscle biopsy or a molecular (PCR) test for an accurate diagnosis.
Candida antibodies
Fungi of the Candida genus are part of the body’s natural flora, but in certain circumstances — for example with a weakened immune system, antibiotic use or diabetes — they can overgrow and cause infection.
Most Candida infections are superficial, affecting the skin, the lining of the mouth or the genitals; for diagnosing these, a swab and culture are the main methods.
A Candida serology test (measuring IgG/IgM antibodies) is informative only when invasive, systemic candidiasis is suspected — it is recommended, for example, for patients who are immunosuppressed, treated in intensive care or living with a catheter.
In such cases the fungus can enter the bloodstream and cause a life-threatening condition.
The serology result helps recognise the infection, start therapy and monitor the course of the disease.
Sampling and preparation – the key to a reliable result
Sample: venous blood (serum).
Timing: serology is time-dependent – antibodies take time to develop.
General advice:
You do not need to fast for the sample. It can also be taken in the afternoon or evening.
The test should be planned according to when the symptoms started:
IgM usually appears from week 1–2,
IgG appears later and persists for a long time.
If an early sample is negative but suspicion is strong: repeat after 10–14 days (paired serum); a rise in titre confirms recent infection.
Medicines: most serology is not affected by them, but immunosuppression (steroids, biological therapy) can reduce the antibody response → a false negative is more likely.
Sampling and preparation – the key to a reliable result
Sample: venous blood (serum).
Timing: serology is time-dependent – antibodies take time to develop.
General advice:
- You do not need to fast for the sample. It can also be taken in the afternoon or evening.
- The test should be timed relative to the onset of symptoms :
- IgM usually appears from week 1–2,
- IgG appears later and persists for a long time.
- If an early sample is negative but suspicion is strong: repeat after 10–14 days (paired serum); a rise in titre confirms recent infection.
- Medicines: most serology is not affected by them, but immunosuppression (steroids, biological therapy) can reduce the antibody response → a false negative is more likely.
Assessing results – how do we "read" the test result?
Interpreting serological results
Antibodies detected in the blood show whether the body has met the pathogen, and in many cases they also suggest whether the infection is recent and ongoing or happened in the past.
However, serological results must always be assessed together with the full clinical picture, the symptoms and the medical history, because only together do these give an accurate diagnosis.
Interpreting the test results is therefore a medical task, taking into account the history, the symptoms and, where needed, other laboratory or imaging tests.
2. Typical patterns – what IgM and IgG results mean
Suspected acute (recent) infection:
If the IgM antibody is positive or rising and the IgG is still negative or only just starting to appear, this indicates a recent infection.
This is the stage when the body is fighting the pathogen.Recently cleared infection:
Here the IgM is already falling, but the IgG shows a higher level.
This suggests the infection happened recently and the body is already recovering.Old, past infection:
If the IgM is negative but the IgG is steadily positive, this shows the body has encountered the pathogen before.
High avidity (strong binding of the antibodies) also supports this.Immunity from vaccination:
For certain diseases (e.g. hepatitis B, rubella) an active vaccine is available, and we can confirm that immunity has developed by measuring the IgG response. In this case there is no infection; the vaccine has effectively triggered protection.
3. Common misunderstandings and possible errors
Sampling too early:
For a few days after infection, antibodies are not yet produced, so the first sample may be negative while the disease is already under way.
In this case the doctor may request a repeat test 2–3 weeks later.Cross-reactions (false positive result):
Antibodies produced against related viruses or bacteria can react with each other’s antigens and so interfere with the test, for example with EBV and CMV or other herpesviruses.A non-specific reaction can also cause a false positive result, e.g. in autoimmune diseases.
This is why a positive result is often followed by a confirmatory test (e.g. immunoblot, PCR).With a weak immune system:
In patients with immunodeficiency or receiving chemotherapy, the body may not produce enough antibodies, so the result may be falsely negative.
In such cases, PCR (detecting the pathogen’s genetic material) or an antigen test gives a more reliable answer.Some infections require several markers to be tested together:
Examples are hepatitis B, syphilis and Lyme disease: here a combination of several laboratory values must be looked at, because a single marker on its own can be misleading.
4. The role of additional tests
PCR testing:
In the early stage of infection or when the immune response is weak, PCR directly detects the pathogen’s DNA or RNA, so an active infection can be confirmed accurately.Avidity testing:
It is especially important in pregnancy (e.g. Toxoplasma, CMV, rubella), helping to decide whether the infection is recent or older.
Low avidity points to an infection within the last 4 months, high avidity to an infection more than 4 months ago.Titre monitoring:
For some diseases (e.g. syphilis), the doctor uses repeat blood tests to follow how the amount of antibodies changes.
A falling titre may indicate successful treatment, a rising one reinfection.
Serological tests are therefore suitable not only for detecting infections but also for monitoring treatment and assessing protection.
At Sabjanics Medical Center our patients receive a detailed, easy-to-understand explanation of their lab results, so they know exactly what the data mean and what the next step for their health is.
Particular situations – how should we proceed?
There are situations in life when laboratory results need particular care to interpret, and medical decisions are also made on different grounds.
In these cases, close medical cooperation, precise timing of tests and the right additional tests are always important.
Pregnancy
Lab tests during pregnancy aim to protect not only the mother but also the baby.
The most important tests include Toxoplasma, CMV (cytomegalovirus) and rubella serology, where the IgM, IgG and IgG avidity values help decide whether the infection is recent or older.
If a recent infection is suspected, your doctor may recommend an obstetric consultation and a fetal ultrasound to assess the possible risks and the steps needed.
In addition, every pregnant woman must be screened for hepatitis B (HBV) and syphilis too.
If a result is positive, the pregnant woman receives care according to protocol, which means that protecting the baby and treating the mother take place under close, safe medical supervision.
Immunosuppressed patients, or patients with chronic illness
A weakened immune system (for example due to cancer, steroid treatment or after an organ transplant) can make antibodies harder to detect, because the body produces antibodies more slowly or not at all.
In these cases, rather than classic serology, PCR or antigen tests are needed, which detect the pathogen directly.
If an invasive (bloodstream) fungal infection is suspected, the lab tests not only antibodies but also specific antigens (such as mannan), and PCR may also be needed.
These additional tests help detect the infection early and start targeted treatment.
Suspected early infection, or after exposure to a pathogen
If someone has recently been exposed – for example to Lyme disease after a tick bite, or to suspected HIV infection after unprotected sex – the first lab test may still be negative, because antibodies take time to develop.
This period is called the “window period”.
In this case the doctor usually recommends a repeat blood test after 2–4 weeks to confirm or rule out the infection.
If needed, a nucleic acid-based (PCR) test can also be done, which detects the pathogen’s genetic material even before antibodies appear.
Checking immunity gained through vaccination
For certain diseases it is worth checking from time to time whether the body still has protection.
One example is hepatitis B: an anti-HBs level of at least 100 mIU/ml indicates protection.
If this level is low, the doctor may recommend a booster vaccination.
A positive rubella IgG result, for example, is reassuring before planning a pregnancy, as it shows the body is already protected and no further vaccination or special precautions are needed.
In these special situations, interpreting lab results is always a job for a specialist.
At Sabjanics Medical Center our expert team helps with clear explanations of your results, deciding on the necessary steps and arranging further tests — so that our patients feel safe and informed in every situation.
Recall and follow-up advice – when is it worth repeating the test?
Laboratory results do not always give a clear answer straight away.
With certain infections, it takes time for the body to produce a detectable amount of antibodies, or for the effect of treatment to show in the blood.
This is why the doctor may recommend a repeat sample or a follow-up test after a set period.
Suspected recent infection, but a negative first test result
If symptoms strongly suggest an infection but the first blood test is still negative, this does not fully rule out the disease.
In this case the doctor may recommend another blood test 10–14 days later to detect any antibodies that have appeared in the meantime.
This is called “paired serum” testing, one of the most reliable ways to confirm a recent infection.
Suspected Lyme disease (a tick bite, a red patch – erythema migrans)
In the early stage of Lyme disease, the blood test is often still negative, because antibodies only appear later.
If the patient has the typical skin sign (a spreading red patch), the doctor can make the diagnosis on clinical grounds and start treatment immediately, repeating the serology later as a check.
After syphilis treatment – why is regular follow-up mandatory?
After syphilis treatment ends, the disease cannot automatically be considered cured until lab results clearly confirm it.
This is because the pathogen, Treponema pallidum, can “hide” in the body for a long time, and if treatment was not fully effective, it may reactivate later or be passed on without symptoms.
This is why follow-up is mandatory for every patient, during which the lab monitors changes in the RPR titre (amount of antibody).
This shows how the body is responding to treatment and whether recovery has really happened.
Follow-up tests must be done every 3 months for at least 2 years.
The doctor typically requests repeat blood tests at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in the first year, then at 18 and 24 months in the second year.
This is part of the medical protocol and is compulsory to protect not only the patient but also public health.
If the RPR titre falls steadily, this is a clear sign of successful treatment.
If, however, the value does not change or starts to rise again, this may indicate reinfection, inadequate treatment or reactivation.
In this case the doctor orders further tests and, if needed, starts new treatment to clear the infection completely.
Regular follow-up tests aim to keep the patient safe, make sure the infection does not stay hidden, and prevent further spread.
At Sabjanics Medical Center we care for patients with syphilis discreetly, with empathy and according to protocol throughout the two-year monitoring period, so that recovery is not only symptomatic but complete and confirmed.
After hepatitis B vaccination
After vaccination it is worth checking whether protection against the hepatitis B virus has developed.
The anti-HBs level measured in the blood shows whether the body has produced enough protective antibodies.
This check is especially important for healthcare workers, people with chronic illness or a weakened immune system.
If the level is below 10 mIU/ml, the doctor may recommend a booster vaccination to maintain adequate protection.
The aim of follow-up tests is to let the doctor judge with confidence whether the infection has cleared, whether treatment has worked, or whether further steps are needed.
At Sabjanics Medical Center, every patient receives personalised information about when and why the sample should be repeated, so the recovery process stays clear, safe and easy to follow.
Data handling, confidentiality, communication
At Sabjanics Medical Center, all laboratory tests and results are handled in complete confidence.
Our patients’ personal data, test results and health information are strictly protected and can only be accessed by the professionals involved in their care.
We pay particular attention to ensuring that for every test, especially sensitive ones such as tests for sexually transmitted infections, the patient’s discretion is fully guaranteed.
We always explain your lab results clearly and in detail: our doctors tell you what an IgM and IgG result means, when a repeat blood test or PCR test may be needed, and when your next follow-up is advised.
Our aim is for every patient to understand exactly what the result shows and what it does not, and which further steps are needed for full recovery.
Equally important is open and honest communication:
we ask our patients to share all relevant information with their doctor at the consultation before the test – when the symptoms started, possible sources of infection (e.g. travel, contact), their vaccination status, and any medicines or treatments they use regularly.
This information is essential for us to interpret the result correctly and for the doctor to give the most accurate diagnosis and treatment recommendation possible.
At Sabjanics Medical Center, every examination is based on trust and cooperation.
We provide complete discretion and professional attention – all you need to do is tell us honestly what you know.
Together we can achieve what matters most: an accurate diagnosis, effective treatment and your peace of mind.
